English Recordings

Anthropogenic increases in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) cause ocean acidification, declining calcium carbonate saturation states, reduced coral reef calcification and changes in the compositions of marine communities1. Most projected community changes due to ocean acidification describe transitions from hard coral to non-calcifying macroalgal communities2; other organisms have received less attention, despite the biotic diversity of coral reef communities. We show that the spatial distributions of both hard and soft coral communities in volcanically acidified, semi-enclosed waters off Iwotorishima Island, Japan, are related to pCO2 levels. Hard corals are restricted to non-acidified low- pCO2 (225 μatm) zones, dense populations of the soft coral Sarcophyton elegans dominate medium- pCO2 (831 μatm) zones, and both hard and soft corals are absent from the highest- pCO2 (1,465 μatm) zone. In CO2-enriched culture experiments, high- pCO2 conditions benefited Sarcophyton elegans by enhancing photosynthesis rates and did not affect light calcification, but dark decalcification (negative net calcification) increased with increasing pCO2. These results suggest that reef communities may shift from reef-building hard corals to non-reef-building soft corals under pCO2 levels (550–970 μatm) predicted by the end of this century3, and that higher pCO2 levels would challenge the survival of some reef organisms.

Rapidly rising levels of atmospheric CO2 are not only causing ocean warming, but also lowering seawater pH hence the carbonate saturation state of the oceans, on which many marine organisms depend to calcify their skeletons1, 2. Using boron isotope systematics3, we show how scleractinian corals up-regulate pH at their site of calcification such that internal changes are approximately one-half of those in ambient seawater. This species-dependent pH-buffering capacity enables aragonitic corals to raise the saturation state of their calcifying medium, thereby increasing calcification rates at little additional energy cost. Using a model of pH regulation combined with abiotic calcification, we show that the enhanced kinetics of calcification owing to higher temperatures has the potential to counter the effects of ocean acidification. Up-regulation of pH, however, is not ubiquitous among calcifying organisms; those lacking this ability are likely to undergo severe declines in calcification as CO2 levels increase. The capacity to up-regulate pH is thus central to the resilience of calcifiers to ocean acidification, although the fate of zooxanthellate corals ultimately depends on the ability of both the photosymbionts and coral host to adapt to rapidly increasing ocean temperatures4.

Concerns have been raised about how coral reefs will be affected by ocean acidification1, 2, but projections of future seawater CO2 chemistry have focused solely on changes in the pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωa) of open-ocean surface seawater conditions surrounding coral reefs1, 2, 3, 4 rather than the reef systems themselves. The seawater CO2 chemistry within heterogeneous reef systems can be significantly different from that of the open ocean depending on the residence time, community composition and the main biogeochemical processes occurring on the reef, that is, net ecosystem production (NEP = gross primary production − autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration) and net ecosystem calcification (NEC = gross calcification − gross CaCO3 dissolution), which combined act to modify seawater chemistry5, 6, 7. On the basis of observations from the Bermuda coral reef, we show that a range of projected biogeochemical responses of coral reef communities to ocean acidification by the end of this century could partially offset changes in seawater pH and Ωa by an average of 12–24% and 15–31%, respectively.

I love travelling.
I have already been to five countries: Spain, Germany, Scotland, Morocco and France, but I have never been to the United States or Australia.

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Rebecca is also fond of travelling.
She has visited many countries: Ireland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece and the United States, but she has never been to New Zealand, Canada or France.

Listen carefully to the answers. Write the answer that you think is the best for you.
1. Which group do you think you belong to?
a/I don't feel like I belong to any particular group. I guess you could say that being a high school student, I first and foremost am a member of the class but I don't feel I need to relate to anybody to feel complete.
b/ Being an active member of a sports club, I get great benefits from sharing energy with the other team mates. When we are all aiming at the same goal, it feels like the world stops and our attention is focusing on the same objective.
The feeling of joy and victory make it all worthwhile.
2. What are the rules in that group?
b/ we all agreed on taking what we can and sharing what we have. It's all about the chemistry.
3. How do you best communicate?
I used to be a huge fan of social networks, but these days, I tend to prefer being face to face and spending more time with my friends. There is nothing like actually living the same moment together.
4. Talk about the moments when you feel like you are actually sharing something.
Whenever I am around my friends and tell each other how much I love them or whenever we laugh about something that happened I really feel that connection that makes us all so special.
5. If you were unable to communicate with your loved ones, how would you feel?
Human beings are craving for means to be closer to one another. Social networks have falsely brought a virtual closeness that isn't really tangible. If ever I was away from my loved ones I think I would die. Sharing and exchanging are at the basis of each and every one' s life. I think It would drive me crazy if I were away from my folks and family for too long.
6. How important are exchanges in everyday life?
Human beings are defined as social creatures.
There is no chance of survival if your are left on your own.
Loneliness and isolation are the sole causes of vulnerability.
Everybody draws his strength from others.

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE MOVIE:
1. Which book was it adapted from? What is the genre of that 1000 page long novel?
It's a TV series based on the book written by Stephen King entitled UNDER THE DOME. I guess it is science fiction.
2. What do you know about its award winning author?
He was born in Portland, Maine in 1947 so he is 63 years old.
He got hundreds of awards from 1976 to nowadays.
His books have sold more than 350 million copies and have been adapted into a number of feature films, television movies and comic books. King has published 50 novels, including seven under the pen-name of Richard Bachman, and five non-fiction books. He has written nearly two hundred short stories, most of which have been collected in nine collections of short fiction. Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine. His specialized in writing horror stories and got a lot of success when publishing Carrie, a paranormal story in 1974.
3. What event changed the lives of the residents in the TV series "Under the dome"? What stops them now from having a normal life?
A dome suddenly landed in Chester's Mill and utterly changed their lives. Cut off from their closest friends and families, the inhabitants' real personalities and motivations appeared more clearly.
A suspense story that really gets the viewers hooked from the first minutes.

Today was a fun day because big snowflakes suddenly fell down from the sky this afternoon while the children were eating lunch in the classroom. At that moment the students all shout for joy at the same time including me. We quickly raised the window shades and paused for a moment as we looked at the view of the snow falling. Hmmmm.... right now it's late in the afternoon and very sunny outside. Today the weather is very capricious!

I tried to write in English to practice English expression. If you find any mistakes, please correct it.
2013.11.27
Today, it suddenly snowed at noon, before becoming sunny. When I walked through the gate at school,  I was dazzled by the rays reflected off the asphalt, so I involuntarily  closed my eyes. At that moment, the asphalt road was shining from the reflected rays of the setting sun, so it made a long shadow on the wet road . I quickly stopped my car and took a picture with my phone. Sometimes it occurs to me that light is really marvelous.

<November 25, 2013.>How is everyone? It rained yesterday from the afternoon until night time. After the early winter rain, the temperature went down this morning. I went to Mu-An (무안: the southern part of the Korean peninsula) to dig out clams with friends last Saturday and returned yesterday late at night. ▶ http://blog.naver.com/bang_story/150180170116 I would like to talk about it, but it's not easy with my poor English. But I'll try later. Instead I'll talk about my walk in the evening with Jjang-Ah . The pictures below are views of me walking with Jjang-ah's this evening. I went out this morning and came back home in the evening, so I was greeted with great enthusiasm from Jjang-ah at front door His eyes were th telling me that he wants to step out of the door right now! I knew that it was he biggest reason why he enthusiastically welcomed me . So there was no way I could say no. I went out and walked Jjang-ah, but it was only for short time. Sorry Jjang-ah. However it was not bad for the two of us. On the road, there were many fallen leaves and Jjang-Ah was happy and jumped and ran. Betty passed away on the 3rd of November . It has already been 3 weeks, but I don't know if Jjang-Ah knew the fact that his mom passed away or not. However, I believe that Betty is melting into beautiful natural with laying under the beautiful fallen Autumn leaves and she is returning beautiful natural with good feeling.

John: Mary, I’ve really enjoyed the Gallery! Where would you like to go now?
Mary: What about having lunch at the restaurant in the Shard?
John: Ok, but before that, I’d like to see some contemporary works of art.
Mary: Yes, with pleasure! Which way is it?
John: It’s easy! Look at the map!
At the railway station sign, we turn left, then we turn left again and walk along the River Thames.
When we get to St. Paul’s, we turn right and go over Millenium Bridge.
Tate modern will be right in front of us!
When we have finished visiting it, we could go and visit Shakespeare’s Globe, which is just a few metres from it.
After that, we just go round the corner with the fruit market and turn left.
The Shard will be on our right and the restaurant is on one of the highest floors. Did you book it?
Mary: No, I didn’t. do you think it will be packed up?

He has blue eyes.
His eyes are blue.
His hair is curly and red.
He has curly red hair.
Her hair is short, straight and black.
She has short, straight, black hair.
His hair is short, curly and brown.
He has short, curly, brown hair.
Her nose is long.
She has a long nose.