13
Verbs for describing difference:
1. **Contrast (تفاوت کردن):** Highlight the differences between two or more things, emphasizing disparities.
2. **Differ (تفاوت داشتن):** Be unlike or distinct, showing variations in characteristics.
3. **Differentiate (تمایز دادن):** Recognize or express the differences between similar things.
4. **Distinguish (تمایز داشتن):** Perceive or point out the unique qualities that set something or someone apart.
5. **Vary (متغیر بودن):** Exhibit differences or changes in nature, form, or content.
6. **Compare (مقایسه کردن):** Examine the similarities and differences between two or more items.
7. **Contrary (خلاف بودن):** In opposition or disagreement with something; opposite in nature.
8. **Distinct (متمایز بودن):** Clearly different or separate, easily distinguishable.
9. **Diverse (متنوع بودن):** Varied or showing a wide range of differences within a group.
10. **Alike (مشابه بودن):** Having similarities or being similar in some aspects.
11. **Analogous (مانند بودن):** Having similarities in certain respects, often used in a comparative context.
12. **Equivalent (معادل بودن):** Equal or essentially identical in value, function, or meaning.
13. **Identical (همانند بودن):** Exactly the same in every detail or aspect.
**Alice:** Hi, have you noticed how our classmates' opinions **differ** on the new school schedule?
**Alice:** Hi, have you noticed how our classmates' opinions **differ** on the new school schedule?
**Alice:** Hi, have you noticed how our classmates' opinions **differ** on the new school schedule?
**Bob:** Yeah, it's interesting how people **vary** in their preferences. Some like it, others don't.
**Bob:** Yeah, it's interesting how people **vary** in their preferences. Some like it, others don't.
**Bob:** Yeah, it's interesting how people **vary** in their preferences. Some like it, others don't.
**Alice:** Absolutely! It's crucial to **compare** different viewpoints to understand what works for everyone.
**Alice:** Absolutely! It's crucial to **compare** different viewpoints to understand what works for everyone.
**Alice:** Absolutely! It's crucial to **compare** different viewpoints to understand what works for everyone.
**Bob:** True. The **diverse** opinions are quite evident, but I think it's essential to **differentiate** between personal preferences and actual issues.
**Bob:** True. The **diverse** opinions are quite evident, but I think it's essential to **differentiate** between personal preferences and actual issues.
**Bob:** True. The **diverse** opinions are quite evident, but I think it's essential to **differentiate** between personal preferences and actual issues.
**Alice:** Good point. We need to **distinguish** valid concerns from individual likes and dislikes.
**Alice:** Good point. We need to **distinguish** valid concerns from individual likes and dislikes.
**Alice:** Good point. We need to **distinguish** valid concerns from individual likes and dislikes.
**Bob:** Precisely. Even though our opinions may be **contrary**, finding common ground is crucial.
**Bob:** Precisely. Even though our opinions may be **contrary**, finding common ground is crucial.
**Bob:** Precisely. Even though our opinions may be **contrary**, finding common ground is crucial.
**Alice:** Totally. It's about acknowledging that while we may have **distinct** preferences, there's room for compromise.
**Alice:** Totally. It's about acknowledging that while we may have **distinct** preferences, there's room for compromise.
**Alice:** Totally. It's about acknowledging that while we may have **distinct** preferences, there's room for compromise.
**Bob:** Right. It's important to recognize that being **alike** doesn't mean having identical views. Our experiences shape our perspectives.
**Bob:** Right. It's important to recognize that being **alike** doesn't mean having identical views. Our experiences shape our perspectives.
**Bob:** Right. It's important to recognize that being **alike** doesn't mean having identical views. Our experiences shape our perspectives.
**Alice:** True. While our preferences may not be **analogous**, understanding each other makes us a more cohesive group.
**Alice:** True. While our preferences may not be **analogous**, understanding each other makes us a more cohesive group.
**Alice:** True. While our preferences may not be **analogous**, understanding each other makes us a more cohesive group.
**Bob:** Absolutely! It's about respecting the **equivalent** value of everyone's opinions, even if they're not identical.
**Bob:** Absolutely! It's about respecting the **equivalent** value of everyone's opinions, even if they're not identical.
**Bob:** Absolutely! It's about respecting the **equivalent** value of everyone's opinions, even if they're not identical.
**Alice:** Well said. Finding harmony in our **identical** goal of a productive and supportive environment is key.
**Alice:** Well said. Finding harmony in our **identical** goal of a productive and supportive environment is key.
**Alice:** Well said. Finding harmony in our **identical** goal of a productive and supportive environment is key.
14
**Nouns:**
1. **Chain Reaction (واکنش زنجیرهای):**
- *Meaning:* A series of events where each event influences the next in a linked sequence.
2. **Consequence (پیامد):**
- *Meaning:* A result or effect of an action or condition; outcome.
3. **Region (منطقه):**
- *Meaning:* An area, especially part of a country or the world, having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries.
4. **Impact (تأثیر):**
- *Meaning:* The effect or influence of one thing on another; a significant or major effect.
5. **Influence (تأثیر):**
- *Meaning:* The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.
6. **Outcome (نتیجه):**
- *Meaning:* The result or consequence of a particular action or situation.
7. **Repercussion (عواقب):**
- *Meaning:* An unintended consequence of an event or action, especially a negative one.
**Verbs:**
1. **Affect (تأثیر گذاشتن):**
- *Meaning:* To produce a change or influence something.
2. **Contribute (مشارکت کردن):**
- *Meaning:* To give or supply for a common purpose; to play a part in bringing about a result.
3. **Determine (تعیین کردن):**
- *Meaning:* To ascertain or establish exactly, typically as a result of research or calculation.
4. **Generate (تولید کردن):**
- *Meaning:* To produce or create; to bring into existence.
5. **Induce (تحریک کردن):**
- *Meaning:* To bring about or give rise to; to persuade or influence.
6. **Provoke (تحریک کردن):**
- *Meaning:* To stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion, typically a strong or unwelcome one) in someone.
7. **Result (نتیجه گرفتن):**
- *Meaning:* To occur or follow as the consequence of an action or event.
8. **Stem (ناشی شدن):**
- *Meaning:* To arise or originate; to have its source.
9. **Trigger (آغاز کردن):**
- *Meaning:* To cause (an event or situation) to happen or exist.
**Amy:** Hey, have you heard about the recent earthquake in our region?
**Amy:** Hey, have you heard about the recent earthquake in our region?
**Amy:** Hey, have you heard about the recent earthquake in our region?
**Bob:** Yes, it's quite concerning. I wonder what the consequences will be for the affected areas.
**Bob:** Yes, it's quite concerning. I wonder what the consequences will be for the affected areas.
**Bob:** Yes, it's quite concerning. I wonder what the consequences will be for the affected areas.
**Amy:** The seismic activity might affect not only the immediate vicinity but also the neighboring towns.
**Amy:** The seismic activity might affect not only the immediate vicinity but also the neighboring towns.
**Amy:** The seismic activity might affect not only the immediate vicinity but also the neighboring towns.
**Bob:** True, disasters like these can have a lasting impact on communities. They often generate a need for immediate aid and long-term recovery efforts.
**Bob:** True, disasters like these can have a lasting impact on communities. They often generate a need for immediate aid and long-term recovery efforts.
**Bob:** True, disasters like these can have a lasting impact on communities. They often generate a need for immediate aid and long-term recovery efforts.
**Amy:** Absolutely. The media's coverage can also influence public perception and responses to the situation.
**Amy:** Absolutely. The media's coverage can also influence public perception and responses to the situation.
**Amy:** Absolutely. The media's coverage can also influence public perception and responses to the situation.
**Bob:** It's interesting how a single event can set off a chain reaction of challenges and opportunities for growth.
**Bob:** It's interesting how a single event can set off a chain reaction of challenges and opportunities for growth.
**Bob:** It's interesting how a single event can set off a chain reaction of challenges and opportunities for growth.
**Amy:** And the final outcome is not always predictable. We have to wait and see how the community will contribute to rebuilding and how it will stem from this unfortunate incident.
**Amy:** And the final outcome is not always predictable. We have to wait and see how the community will contribute to rebuilding and how it will stem from this unfortunate incident.
**Amy:** And the final outcome is not always predictable. We have to wait and see how the community will contribute to rebuilding and how it will stem from this unfortunate incident.
**Bob:** Sometimes, unexpected events like this can trigger positive actions and initiatives to make the region more resilient in the future.
**Bob:** Sometimes, unexpected events like this can trigger positive actions and initiatives to make the region more resilient in the future.
**Bob:** Sometimes, unexpected events like this can trigger positive actions and initiatives to make the region more resilient in the future.
**Amy:** Let's hope that despite the initial repercussions, the community can come together and create a better and safer environment.
**Amy:** Let's hope that despite the initial repercussions, the community can come together and create a better and safer environment.
**Amy:** Let's hope that despite the initial repercussions, the community can come together and create a better and safer environment.
Unit 15_________________
Unit 15_________________
initial
latter
prior
subsequent
overall
Unit 16_________________
comparatively
indefinitely
inevitably
particularly
relevant
provisionally
relatively
1)write Persian translation of each words and its meaning.2)use all of these words in a beginner dialogue and bold them in text.3)write a short and simple quote with each words
initial (اولیه): First in order; beginning.
latter (آخرین): Being the second of two mentioned.
prior (پیشین): Existing or coming before in time, order, or importance.
subsequent (بعدی): Coming after something in time; following.
overall (کلی): Taking everything into account; in total.
Unit 16:
comparatively (نسبتاً): To a certain extent, especially when compared to other things.
indefinitely (بهطور نامحدود): Without fixed or specified limit; indefinitely.
inevitably (ناگزیرانه): Certain to happen; unavoidable.
particularly (بخصوص): Especially; in a distinctive way.
relevant (مرتبط): Closely connected or appropriate to what is being done or considered.
provisionally (موقتاً): Temporarily; subject to further confirmation.
relatively (نسبت به): In relation, comparison, or proportion to something else.
Beginner dialogue using all the words:
**Alice:** Hi, have you heard about the new project at work?
**Alice:** Hi, have you heard about the new project at work?
**Alice:** Hi, have you heard about the new project at work?
**Bob:** Yes, I have. The initial stages seem promising, but what about the latter part?
**Bob:** Yes, I have. The initial stages seem promising, but what about the latter part?
**Bob:** Yes, I have. The initial stages seem promising, but what about the latter part?
**Alice:** The prior experience in similar projects is helping us. We're optimistic about the subsequent phases.
**Alice:** The prior experience in similar projects is helping us. We're optimistic about the subsequent phases.
**Alice:** The prior experience in similar projects is helping us. We're optimistic about the subsequent phases.
**Bob:** That's good to hear. How do you think the project will impact the team overall?
**Bob:** That's good to hear. How do you think the project will impact the team overall?
**Bob:** That's good to hear. How do you think the project will impact the team overall?
**Alice:** I believe it will have a positive overall effect. Now, let's discuss the comparatively small tasks we need to address.
**Alice:** I believe it will have a positive overall effect. Now, let's discuss the comparatively small tasks we need to address.
**Alice:** I believe it will have a positive overall effect. Now, let's discuss the comparatively small tasks we need to address.
**Bob:** True, and we shouldn't delay any decisions indefinitely. Some choices are inevitably crucial for success.
**Bob:** True, and we shouldn't delay any decisions indefinitely. Some choices are inevitably crucial for success.
**Bob:** True, and we shouldn't delay any decisions indefinitely. Some choices are inevitably crucial for success.
**Alice:** Especially the ones particularly relevant to the project's goals. Let's handle them provisionally until we gather more data.
**Alice:** Especially the ones particularly relevant to the project's goals. Let's handle them provisionally until we gather more data.
**Alice:** Especially the ones particularly relevant to the project's goals. Let's handle them provisionally until we gather more data.
**Bob:** Agreed. It's essential to remain relatively flexible in our approach.
**Bob:** Agreed. It's essential to remain relatively flexible in our approach.
**Bob:** Agreed. It's essential to remain relatively flexible in our approach.
Unit 17
crisis
dilemma
damage
deteriorate
exacerbate
address
eradicate
intervene
resolve
tackle
**Tom:** Hi, Sarah. How's it going?
**Tom:** Hi, Sarah. How's it going?
**Tom:** Hi, Sarah. How's it going?
**Sarah:** Hey, Tom. I'm facing a financial crisis right now. I've recently gotten into a dilemma, and it's causing a lot of damage to my financial situation.
**Sarah:** Hey, Tom. I'm facing a financial crisis right now. I've recently gotten into a dilemma, and it's causing a lot of damage to my financial situation.
**Sarah:** Hey, Tom. I'm facing a financial crisis right now. I've recently gotten into a dilemma, and it's causing a lot of damage to my financial situation.
**Tom:** I'm sorry to hear that. How can I help?
**Tom:** I'm sorry to hear that. How can I help?
**Tom:** I'm sorry to hear that. How can I help?
**Sarah:** It seems like my situation is rapidly deteriorating, and I can't find any resolution.
**Sarah:** It seems like my situation is rapidly deteriorating, and I can't find any resolution.
**Sarah:** It seems like my situation is rapidly deteriorating, and I can't find any resolution.
**Tom:** We definitely need to address this financial crisis. Maybe we can intervene with the help of a financial advisor to manage things.
**Tom:** We definitely need to address this financial crisis. Maybe we can intervene with the help of a financial advisor to manage things.
**Tom:** We definitely need to address this financial crisis. Maybe we can intervene with the help of a financial advisor to manage things.
Unit 18________________
concept
conjecture
consensus
dogma
framework
ideology
model
perspective
stance
Adjectives :
ambiguous
biased
compelling
credible
flawed
valid
Unit 19
Adjectives :
marked
negligible
Adjectives :
definitive
tentative
adverb:
marginally
concept (مفهوم): An abstract idea or general notion.
conjecture (حدس): An opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information.
consensus (اتفاق نظر): General agreement among a group.
dogma (دگما): A set of principles or beliefs that are accepted by the members of a group without being questioned.
framework (قالب): An essential supporting structure.
ideology (ایدهآل): A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
model (مدل): A simplified representation of a system or phenomenon.
perspective (دیدگاه): A particular attitude towards or way of regarding something; a point of view.
stance (نگرش): A person's posture or attitude towards a particular issue.
Adjectives:
ambiguous (دو پهلو): Open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.
biased (تعصبآمیز): Unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something.
compelling (جذاب): Evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way.
credible (قابل اعتماد): Able to be believed; convincing.
flawed (نقص دار): Having or characterized by a fundamental weakness or imperfection.
valid (معتبر): Well-founded on evidence and logic; sound or cogent.
Unit 19 Adjectives:
marked (نشانگر): Clearly noticeable or evident; significant.
negligible (چشمگیر نباشد): So small or unimportant as to be not worth considering; insignificant.
Adjectives:
definitive (قطعی): Conclusive and final.
tentative (موقتی): Not certain or fixed; provisional.
Adverb:
marginally (در حد کم): To only a limited extent; slightly.
2) Beginner English Dialogue:
**Tom:** Hi, Jenny. I was thinking about a new concept for our project.
**Tom:** Hi, Jenny. I was thinking about a new concept for our project.
**Tom:** Hi, Jenny. I was thinking about a new concept for our project.
**Jenny:** Oh really? What's the concept?
**Jenny:** Oh really? What's the concept?
**Jenny:** Oh really? What's the concept?
**Tom:** Well, it's more of a conjecture at this point. I believe if we gather some opinions and reach a consensus, we can develop a solid framework.
**Tom:** Well, it's more of a conjecture at this point. I believe if we gather some opinions and reach a consensus, we can develop a solid framework.
**Tom:** Well, it's more of a conjecture at this point. I believe if we gather some opinions and reach a consensus, we can develop a solid framework.
**Jenny:** Interesting. What about the overall ideology behind it?
**Jenny:** Interesting. What about the overall ideology behind it?
**Jenny:** Interesting. What about the overall ideology behind it?
**Tom:** I think the model we have in mind aligns with a modern perspective. However, everyone has a different stance on it.
**Tom:** I think the model we have in mind aligns with a modern perspective. However, everyone has a different stance on it.
**Tom:** I think the model we have in mind aligns with a modern perspective. However, everyone has a different stance on it.
**Jenny:** Sounds a bit ambiguous. We need to avoid being biased and ensure our arguments are credible.
**Jenny:** Sounds a bit ambiguous. We need to avoid being biased and ensure our arguments are credible.
**Jenny:** Sounds a bit ambiguous. We need to avoid being biased and ensure our arguments are credible.
**Tom:** Absolutely. We should present a compelling case with a valid and well-structured argument. Any flaws could make the idea seem flawed.
**Tom:** Absolutely. We should present a compelling case with a valid and well-structured argument. Any flaws could make the idea seem flawed.
**Tom:** Absolutely. We should present a compelling case with a valid and well-structured argument. Any flaws could make the idea seem flawed.
**Jenny:** True. Let's make sure our points are marked and any deviations are negligible.
**Jenny:** True. Let's make sure our points are marked and any deviations are negligible.
**Jenny:** True. Let's make sure our points are marked and any deviations are negligible.
**Tom:** We should aim for a definitive solution but be open to a tentative approach if needed. Let's progress, even if only marginally.
**Tom:** We should aim for a definitive solution but be open to a tentative approach if needed. Let's progress, even if only marginally.
**Tom:** We should aim for a definitive solution but be open to a tentative approach if needed. Let's progress, even if only marginally.
